Given a landscape resistance surface, creates grains of connectivity and minimum planar graph models that can be used to calculate effective distances for landscape connectivity at multiple scales.

## Details

Landscape connectivity modelling to understand the movement and dispersal of organisms has been done using raster resistance surfaces and landscape graph methods. Grains of connectivity (GOC) models combine elements of both approaches to produce a continuous and scalable tool that can be applied in a variety of study systems. The purpose of this package is to implement grains of connectivity analyses. Routines accept raster-based resistance surfaces as input and return raster, vector and graph-based data structures to represent connectivity at multiple scales. Effective distances describing connectivity between geographic locations can be determined at multiple scales. Analyses of this sort can contribute to corridor identification, landscape genetics, as well as other connectivity assessments. Minimum planar graph (MPG; Fall et al., 2007) models of resource patches on landscapes can also be generated using the software.

MPG calculations and generalization of the Voronoi tessellation used in GOC models is based on the routines in SELES software (Fall and Fall, 2001). Routines also depend on the sp (Pebesma and Bivand, 2005), raster (Hijmans and van Etten, 2011), igraph (Csardi and Nepusz, 2006), and optionally rgeos packages (Bivand and Rundel, 2012).

A vignette detailing the use of this package for landscape connectivity modelling is included. See browseVignettes('grainscape').

A detailed tutorial is available as a vignette.

## References

Bivand, R.S. and C. Rundel. (2016). rgeos: Interface to Geometry Engine - Open Source (GEOS). R package version 0.3-19, https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=rgeos.

Csardi, G. and T. Nepusz. (2006). The igraph software package for complex network research. InterJournal Complex Systems 1695. http://igraph.org.

Fall, A. and J. Fall. (2001). A domain-specific language for models of landscape dynamics. Ecological Modelling 141:1-18.

Fall, A., M.-J. Fortin, M. Manseau, D. O'Brien. (2007) Spatial graphs: Principles and applications for habitat connectivity. Ecosystems 10:448:461.

Galpern, P., M. Manseau. (2013a) Finding the functional grain: comparing methods for scaling resistance surfaces. Landscape Ecology 28:1269-1291.

Galpern, P., M. Manseau. (2013b) Modelling the influence of landscape connectivity on animal distribution: a functional grain approach. Ecography 36:1004-1016.

Galpern, P., M. Manseau, A. Fall. (2011) Patch-based graphs of landscape connectivity: A guide to construction, analysis and application for conservation. Biological Conservation 144:44-55.

Galpern, P., M. Manseau, P.J. Wilson. (2012) Grains of connectivity: analysis at multiple spatial scales in landscape genetics. Molecular Ecology 21:3996-4009.

Hijmans, R.J. and J. van Etten. (2016). raster: Geographic analysis and modeling with raster data. R package version 2.5-8, https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=raster.

Pebesma, E.J. and R.S. Bivand. (2005). Classes and methods for spatial data in R. R News 5 (2), http://cran.r-project.org/doc/Rnews/.